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full coherence

Толкование Перевод

1 полная когерентность

full coherence

Русско-английский синонимический словарь > полная когерентность
2 натурное измерение

full-scale measurement

относительное измерение — relative measurement

дискретность измерения — measurement resolution

дозиметрические измерения — health measurements

измерение когерентности — coherence measurement

измерение на переменном токе — a.c. measurement

Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > натурное измерение
3 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
4 function

1) функция

2) функционировать; находиться в работоспособном состоянии

3) выполнять функцию; играть роль

4) (дополнительное) функциональное устройство, проф. функция ( в стандарте USB)

5) вчт. отображение || отображать

•

- activation function
- actuating transfer function
- additive function
- additive/multiplicative function
- admittance function
- advanced communication function
- affine Boolean function
- aggregate function
- algebraic function
- all-pass transfer function
- all-pole function
- all-zero function
- alternating function
- ambiguity function
- amplitude distribution function
- amplitude function
- AM-tive function additive/multiplicative function
- anode work function
- aperture phase function
- apodizing function
- application program function
- autocorrelation function
- automatic azimuth alignment function
- band-limited function
- base station control function
- basis function
- Bellman function
- bent function
- Bessel function of imaginary argument
- Bessel function
- beta function
- bijection function
- bijective function
- binary activation function
- binary sigmoid function
- binate function
- bipolar sigmoid function
- bi-state function
- bivariate distribution function
- Boolean function
- Bose-Einstein distribution function
- bounded function
- boxcar function
- Brillouin function
- built-in function
- Butterworth function
- carpet function
- carrier function
- cathode work function
- characteristic function
- circular function
- closed function
- closed-loop transfer function
- clutching function
- coherence function
- color matching functions
- comb function
- combination function
- combining function
- competitive function
- complementary error function
- complementary function
- composite function
- computable function
- concentrated likelihood function
- continuous function
- contrast transfer function
- control function
- convolution function
- correlation function
- cost function
- covariance generating function
- criterion function
- cross-correlation function
- cryptographic hash-function

- cumulative distribution function
- current potential function
- current transfer function
- curried function
- data communications function
- data-path function
- decision function
- degate function
- degating function
- delta function
- demand function
- density function
- descrambling function
- describing function
- difference transfer function
- differentiable function
- digamma function
- Dirac delta function
- Dirac function
- disconnect-reconnect function
- discriminant function
- distribution function
- driving-point function
- eikonal function
- electron wave function
- embedding function
- encryption function
- ergodic function
- error function
- excitation function
- explicit function
- exponential function
- extensional function
- external function
- failure density function
- feedback transfer function
- Fermi function
- Fermi-Dirac distribution function
- force function
- forward transfer function
- frequency function
- frequency-generating function
- frequency-response function
- friend function
- FS function
- full-speed function
- fuzzy function
- fuzzy objective function
- fuzzy utility function
- gage function
- Gaussian function
- Gaussian radial basis function
- generalized function
- generic function
- global implicit function
- global inverse function
- Green functions
- Green's function
- Hamilton function
- Hankel function
- hard limit activation function
- hash-function

- hashing function
- hazard function
- head-related transfer function
- Heaviside step function
- Huber function
- hyperbolic function
- hyperbolic tangent activation function
- idempotent function
- image function
- impedance function
- implicit function
- injection function
- injective function
- inline function
- intensional function
- interference function
- interworking function
- inverse distribution function
- inverse function
- invertible mapping function
- inverting function
- kernel function
- Lagrange's function
- Langevin function
- latent function
- Legendre associated function of the first kind
- Legendre associated function of the second kind
- Legendre function of the first kind
- Legendre function of the second kind
- lexical function
- likelihood function
- line search function
- linear function
- linear logic function
- logic function
- logistic function
- logistic sigmoid function
- log-likelihood function
- log-linear function
- log-log function
- look-up function
- loss function
- low-speed function
- LS function
- luminosity function
- macro function
- main function
- maintenance entity function
- majorized function
- majorizing function
- mapping function
- Markov function
- mathematical function
- member function
- membership function
- memo function
- memoised function
- memoized function
- minorized function
- minorizing function
- modified Bessel function
- modular hash-function
- modulating function
- modulation transfer function
- moment-generating function
- monotonic function
- Morse function
- multi-input multi-output transfer function
- multi-valued function
- multivariate distribution function
- mutual coherence function
- natural trigonometric function
- never-decreasing function
- never-increasing function
- non-decreasing function
- non-increasing function
- nonlinear function
- normalized Gaussian radial basis function
- normalized radial basis functions with equal heights
- normalized radial basis functions with equal volumes
- normalized radial basis functions with equal widths and heights
- normalized radial basis functions with equal widths
- normalized radial basis functions with unequal widths and heights
- objective function
- one-one function
- one-to-one function
- one-way function
- one-way hash function
- open-loop transfer function
- optical transfer function
- ordinary Gaussian radial basis function
- ordinary radial basis functions with equal widths
- ordinary radial basis functions with unequal widths
- orthogonal functions
- overlapped functions
- partial autocorrelation function
- penalty function
- perfect hash-function
- phase transfer function
- photoelectric work function
- photopic response function
- piecewise constant function
- piecewise linear function
- piecewise polynomial function
- Pierce function
- point-spread function
- polynomial function
- positive linear function
- postsynaptic potential function
- power function of test
- power function
- predefined function
- predicate function
- probability density function
- probability function
- probability mass function
- production function
- projection function
- projective function
- propagation function
- propositional function
- PSP function
- pulsating function
- pure virtual function
- quadratic error function
- radial basis function
- radial combination function
- ramp function
- range weighting function
- reactance function
- register function
- regression function
- resolvent function
- response function
- restricted function
- risk function
- saturating linear function
- scalar function
- scaling function
- scattering function
- scedastic function
- Schrödinger wave function
- scrambling function
- screen size-viewing distance function
- self-inverse function
- semilinear function
- sensing function
- sentential function
- shape function
- sigmoid activation function
- sigmoid function
- sign function
- signal function
- signum activation function
- signum function
- smooth function
- socket library function
- softmax activation function
- spectral density function
- spectral function
- spectral radiance function
- spline function
- spot function
- spread function
- square-integrable function
- square-law transfer function
- squashed sign function
- squashing function
- state function
- state query function
- steering function
- step function
- stream function
- summing function
- support entity function
- support function
- supported function
- surjection function
- surjective function
- survival function
- switch function
- switching function
- switch-type function
- symmetric saturating linear function
- tame function
- tan-sigmoid activation function
- target function
- tensor function
- tesseral function
- testing function
- tetragamma function
- thermionic work function
- threshold function
- through transfer function
- transcendental function
- transfer function
- trial function
- trigamma function
- trigonometric function
- tri-state function
- typematic function
- unate function
- uncurried function
- unit impulse function
- unit step function
- unsupported function
- user-defined function
- utility function
- vector function
- virtual function
- visibility function
- voltage potential function
- voltage transfer function
- Walsh functions
- wave function
- wave-number limited function
- weighting function
- window function
- work function

The New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > function
5 function

1) функция, действие || функционировать; действовать

- decision-making function
- essential functions - routine function - safety-related functions
2) функциональное назначение; роль

- auxiliary function
- circuit function - intrinsic function - metering function - primary function - robot function
- system function

3) функциональное подразделение ( предприятия)

- maintenance function
- planning function - service function - support function
4) функциональный узел ( машины)

- press function

5) матем. функциональная зависимость, функция

domain of a function — область определения функции, область изменения независимой переменной

function is periodic in — функция периодична по

function onto itself — отображение (функции) на себя

function vanishes — функция обращается в нуль

function with angular limit — функция с угловым пределом

function with vanishing derivative — функция с равной нулю производной

function without zeros — не обращающаяся в нуль функция

to be an explicit function of — зависеть явно от

to be an implicit function of — зависеть неявно от

- Abelian function

- absolute density function
- absolutely additive function - absolutely bounded function - absolutely continuous function - absolutely integrable function - absolutely monotone function - absolutely summable function - absolutely symmetric function
- abstract function

- accuracy function

- acidity function

- acyclic function

- additive random function

- advanced function

- affect function

- affine function

- algebraically definable function

- algebroid function

- almost bounded function
- almost complex function - almost continuous function - almost convex function - almost everywhere defined function - almost everywhere finite function - almost invariant function - almost periodic function - almost recursive function - almost separably-valued function - almost separating function - almost universal function
- alpha function

- alternating function

- ambiguous function

- analytically extended function
- analytically independent function - analytically representable function
- angle function

- antianalytic function

- antiholomorphic function

- antihyperbolic function

- antilinear function

- antiperiodic function

- antisymmetric function

- antitone function

- antitrigonometric function

- aperiodic function

- Appell function

- approximately continuous function
- approximately differentiable function
- arbitrary function

- arcus function

- area function

- arithmetical function

- arithmetically extensible function

- associated function

- asymmetric function

- asymptotic function

- asymptotical distribution function
- asymptotically differentiable function - asymptotically finite function - asymptotically uniformly optimal function
- atomic function

- attainability function

- autocovariance function

- autocovariance generating function

- automorphic function

- auxiliary function

- averaged function

- averaging function

- balayage function

- barrier function

- basis function

- behavioral function

- beta binomial function

- beta incomplete function

- biadditive function

- biaffine function

- bias function

- bicomplex function

- bicubic function

- biharmonic function

- biinvariant function

- bijective function

- bilinear function

- bimodal function

- bimultiplicative function

- binding function

- binomial distribution function

- binonlinear function

- biregular function

- biunique function

- bivariate function

- boundary characteristic function

- boundary characteristic function

- boundary function

- bounded above function
- bounded below function
- bounded function

- bracket function

- broad function

- broken-line function

- bulb function

- bump function

- canonical function

- canonically definable function

- capacity function

- carpeting function

- carrier function

- casino function

- causal function

- cellwise constant function
- cellwise continuous function
- centering function

- certain function

- chain function

- chance function

- chi-square function

- choice function

- chord function

- chromatic function

- circularly symmetric function
- circumferentially mean p-valent function
- class function

- close to convex function

- cluster function

- clutching function

- codimension function

- coefficient function

- coercive function

- cofinite function

- coherence function

- collapsing function

- color function

- combinatorial function

- combined function

- commutator function

- compact function

- compactly supported function

- compact-valued function

- comparative function
- comparison function - complementary error function
- complementary function

- complementary trigonometric function
- complete analytic function - completely additive function - completely computable function - completely monotone function - completely multiplicative function - completely productive function - completely subadditive function - completely symmetrical function - completely undefined function - complex hyperbolic function
- complex-valued function

- complicated function

- component function

- composite function

- computably ambiguous function

- concave-convex function

- concentrated function

- concentration function

- concordant function

- conditional power function
- conditional risk function
- cone function

- confluent function

- confluent hypergeometric function

- congruence function

- conical function

- conjugate function

- connecting function

- consistent function

- constant-preserving function

- constrained function

- constraint function

- constructive function

- constructively nonrecursive function

- consumption function

- content function

- contiguous function

- continuously differentiable function

- continuum function

- contracting function

- contraction function

- contrast transfer function

- convergent function

- converse function

- convex-concave function

- cosecant function

- cosine function

- cospectral function

- cost function

- cosuperharmonic function

- cotangent function

- countably additive function
- countably multiplicative function - countably valued function
- counting function

- course-of-value function

- covariance function
- covariant function
- cramp function

- created function

- creating function

- criterion function

- critical function

- crosscorrelation function

- cross-covariance function

- cross-variance function

- cumulant function

- cumulant generating function
- cumulative distribution function - cumulative frequency function
- cup function

- curvilinear function

- cuspidal function

- cyclically monotone function

- cyclometric function

- cylinder function

- decay function

- decoding function

- decomposable function

- decomposing function

- defect function
- deficiency function
- deficient function

- degenerate function

- delta function

- denumerably-valued function

- dependence function

- depletion function

- derived function

- descriptive function

- design function

- determinate function

- diagonal function

- diagonalization function

- dibeta function

- difference function

- differential function

- digamma function

- dilogarithmic function

- dimensional function

- dimensionless function

- directing function

- discontinuous function

- discrete function

- discriminant function

- disjoined function

- dispersion function

- dissipative function

- distance function

- disturbing function

- ditonic function

- divergence-free vector function

- divergent function

- divisor function

- dominant function

- donor function

- don't care function
- double limit function
- double-spectral function

- double-valued function

- doubly orthogonal function
- doubly periodic function - doubly recursive function
- dual function

- dyadic function

- effective function

- effectively calculable function
- effectively computable function - effectively constant function - effectively decidable function - effectively variable function
- effectiveness function

- efficiency function

- elementarily recursive function
- elementarily symmetric function
- ellipsoidal function

- elliptic cylinder function

- empirical function

- empty function

- encoding function

- endogeneous function

- entire function of finite type
- entire function of maximum type - entire function of mean type - entire function of potential type - entire function of zero type - entire rational function
- entropy function

- enumerating function

- enumeration function

- envelope function

- equal-ripple function

- equibounded function

- equilibrium function

- equivalence function

- essentially bounded function
- essentially increasing function - essentially integrable function - essentially real function - essentially smooth function
- estimable function

- estimating function

- everywhere continuous function
- everywhere differentiable function - everywhere smooth function
- excessive function

- excitation function

- exhaustion function

- expandable function
- expansible function
- expansion function

- expansive function

- expectation function

- expenditure function

- explicitly bounded function
- explicitly definable function - exponentially convex function - exponentially decreasing function - exponentially increasing function - exponentially multiplicative function - exponentially vanishing function
- extendable function

- extended function

- extensional function

- exterior function

- extremal function

- extremized function

- extremum function

- factor function

- factorable function

- factored function

- factorial function

- fatigue function

- feably oscillating function

- featureless function

- field function

- filter function

- filtration function

- final state function

- finitary function

- finite-dimensional function

- finitely additive function
- finitely mean valent function - finitely measurable function
- finite-path function

- fitted function

- flat function

- flow function

- force function

- forcing function

- forecast function

- formally ordered function

- fractional function

- frequency distribution function

- frequency function

- full function

- fully closed function

- function of a single variable
- function of appropriate behavior - function of bounded characteristic - function of bounded type - function of bounded variation - function of complex variable - function of exponential type - function of finite genus - function of finite variation - function of fractional order
- function of function

- function of high smoothness
- function of infinite type - function of integral order
- function of intervals

- function of matrix

- function of maximal growth
- function of maximal type - function of minimal type - function of mixed variables - function of normal type - function of number theory - function of one variable
- function of phase

- function of position

- function of random variable
- function of rapid descent - function of rapid growth - function of real variable
- function of set

- function of several complex variables

- function of singularities

- function of state

- function of support

- function of time

- function of transition

- function of two variables

- fundamental function

- fuzzy function

- gage function

- gage-like function

- game function

- general recursive function
- general universal function - geometric carrier function
- given function

- global defining function

- goniometric function

- grammatical function

- graph-valued function

- greatest-integer function

- group function

- group-reduction function

- growth function

- halo function

- harmonizable function

- height-gain function

- hemicylindrical function

- Herglotz function

- heuristic function

- higher function

- homographic function

- homology function

- homotopic function

- hyperanalytic function

- hyperarithmetical function

- hyperbolic cylinder function

- hypercomplex function

- hyperelliptic function

- hyperharmonic function

- hyperrank function

- hyperspherical function

- hypertranscendental function

- hypoanalytic function

- ideal function

- imaginary function

- immediate successor function
- implicitly definable function
- improper function

- impulse function

- inclusion function

- inclusive function

- incomplete beta function
- incomplete dibeta function - incomplete gamma function - incomplete tribeta function - incompletely defined function
- increment function

- indecomposable function

- indefinite function

- index function

- indicial function

- individual function

- induced function

- inductive function

- inductively definable function
- inductively defined function - inductively integrable function
- infinite function

- infinitely differentiable function
- infinitely divisible function - infinitely many-valued function
- infinitesimal function

- information function

- information-packing function

- initial function

- injective function

- inner function

- input function

- insolvency function

- integrable function

- integral function of mean type
- integral logarithmic function
- integrating function

- intensity function

- interior function

- intermediary function

- interpolating function

- interpolatory function

- interval function

- inverse hyperbolic function
- inverse trigonometric function - inverted beta function
- invertible function

- irrational function

- irreducible function

- irregular function

- isotone function

- iterated function

- iteration function
- iterative function - joint correlation function - joint density function
- kernel function

- kinked function

- knapsack function

- lacunary function

- lambda function

- lattice function

- Lauricella function

- left-continuous function

- left-invariant function

- left-invertible function

- lexical function

- lifting function

- likelihood function

- limit of function

- limitable function

- limiting function

- linear discriminant function

- linearized function

- linearly dependent function
- linearly separable function
- local function

- locally analytic function

- locally approximable function
- locally bounded function - locally constant function - locally holomorphic function - locally homogeneous function - locally integrable function - locally negligible function - locally regular function - locally summable function - logarithmic generating function - logarithmic integral function
- logarithmically concave function

- logarithmically convex function
- logarithmically infinite function - logarithmically plurisubharmonic function - logarithmically subharmonic function
- logarithmico-exponential function

- logical addition function

- logical function

- logical multiplication function

- logistic function

- log-likelihood function

- loss-of-utility function

- lower closed function

- lower function

- lower measurable function
- lower semicontinuous function
- majorizing function

- many-valued function

- mapping function

- marginal distribution function

- mathematical function

- matrix function

- matrix-convex function

- maximal function

- mean-value function

- measurable function

- measure function

- measure-limited function

- mechanically computable function

- member function

- meromorphic function

- mesh function

- metaharmonic function

- metapragmatic function

- metasemantic function

- metaspherical function

- minimal function

- minimizing function

- minimum function

- minority function

- mixing function

- modified function

- modular function

- molecular set function

- moment generating function

- moment-generating function

- monochromatic function

- monodromic function

- monogenic function

- monomial function

- monomially alternating function
- monotone non-decreasing function - monotone non-increasing function
- monotonic function

- multiaffine function

- multiconstrained function

- multidimensional function

- multiextremal function

- multilinear function

- multiplace function

- multiple valued function

- multiplicity function

- multiplier function

- multiply harmonic function
- multiply periodic function - multiply recursive function
- multithreshold function

- multivalent function

- multivalued function

- multivariable function

- multivariant function

- mutual covariance function

- n-ary function

- nearly continuous function
- negative definite function - negative infinite function
- negligible function

- never-decreasing function

- never-increasing function

- next-state function

- nice function

- n-linear function

- n-metacaloric function

- noise function

- nomographic function

- nonanalytic function

- nonanticipative random function

- nonatomic function

- nonbounded function

- nonconstant function

- nondecreasing function

- nondegenerate function

- nondifferentiable function

- nonelementary function

- nonharmonizable function

- nonincreasing function

- noniterated function

- nonlattice function

- nonmonotonic function

- nonnegative definite function

- nonnegative function

- nonpositive function

- nonrandom function

- nonrecursive function

- nonsymmetrical density function
- nontangentially bounded function
- nontrivial function

- nonvanishing function

- norm function

- normalizable function

- normalized coherence function
- normalized function - normed function - nowhere continuous function - nowhere differentiable function - nowhere monotonic function
- n-place function

- n-point function

- n-th order function
- n-times differentiable function - n-tuply periodic function
- null function

- number-theoretical function

- numeralwise decidable function
- numeralwise expressible function - numeralwise representable function - numerical function - numerically valued function - oblate spheroidal function
- observation function

- odd function

- omega function

- one-loop function

- one-parameter function

- one-periodic function

- one-place function

- one-sheeted function

- one-sided function

- one-step function

- one-valued function

- one-variable function

- open propositional function
- operating characteristic function
- operative function

- operator function

- optimal decision function
- optimal policy function
- optimizable function

- optimized function

- order function

- order of function

- order preserving function

- orderable function

- ordered function

- ordering function

- ordinal function

- orientation function

- original function

- orthonormal function

- oscillating function

- oscillatory function

- outcome function

- outer function

- p-adic function

- pair correlation function

- pairing function

- parabolical cylinder function
- parametrically definable function
- parametrization function

- parametrized function

- partially computable function

- partially differentiable function

- partially recursive function
- partially symmetric function
- partition function

- partition preserving function

- partitionable function

- patch function

- pattern function

- peaked function

- peakless function

- Pearcey function

- penalty function

- pentagamma function

- permanent function

- perturbation function

- phase function

- phi function

- picture function

- piecewise analytic function
- piecewise constant function - piecewise continuously differentiable function
- piecewise continuously differentiable function

- piecewise expanding function
- piecewise linear function - piecewise monotonic function - piecewise polynomial function - piecewise quadratic function - piecewise regular function - piecewise smooth function
- plotted function

- pluriharmonic function

- plurisubharmonic function

- plurisublinear function

- plurisuperharmonic function

- point spread function
- pointwise approximated function
- pointwise bounded function

- pointwise discontinuous function

- policy function

- polyanalytic function

- polydromic function

- polygamma function

- polygenic function

- polygonal function

- polyhedral function

- polymorphic function

- polynomial clutching function

- polynomial function

- polynomially bounded function

- portfolio function

- posinomial function

- positive definite function
- positive homogeneous function - positive infinite function - positive monotone function - positive monotonic function - positive semidefinite function - potentially calculable function - potentially recursive function - power series function
- predetermined function

- predicate function

- predicate preserving function

- predual function

- premeromorphic function

- prescribed function

- primal function

- primary function

- prime-divisor function

- primitively recursive function

- principal function

- probability density function
- probability generating function
- process function

- product function

- production function

- productive function

- profit function

- projection function

- projective function

- propagation function

- proximally continuous function

- proximity function

- pseudoanalytic function

- pseudoconcave function

- pseudoconjugate function

- pseudoconvex function

- pseudodifferentiable function

- pseudoelliptic function

- pseudoharmonic function

- pseudohyperanalytic function

- pseudolikelihood function

- pseudolinear function

- pseudoperiodic function

- pseudopotential function

- pseudoproper function

- pseudorandom function

- pure quadratic function

- quadratic function

- quadratically integrable function
- quadratically summable function
- quantile function

- quasiaffine function

- quasialgebraic function

- quasianalytic function

- quasibounded function

- quasiconcave function

- quasiconformal function

- quasicontinuous function

- quasiconvex function

- quasidifferentiable function

- quasidoubly periodic function

- quasielliptic function

- quasiexcessive function

- quasiexponential function

- quasiharmonic function

- quasihomogeneous function

- quasiinterpolating function

- quasimonotonic function

- quasiperiodic function

- quasipolynomial function

- quasiradial function

- quasirecursive function

- quasiseparable function

- quasismooth function

- quasistandard function

- quasistar function

- quasisummation function

- quasiuniformly continuous function

- quasiunimodal function

- quaternion function

- radially symmetric function

- ramification function

- ramified function

- randomized decision function
- rapidly damped function - rapidly decreasing function - rapidly oscillatory function
- ray function

- Rayleigh dissipation function

- real-definite function

- real-valued function

- recession function

- reciprocal function

- recover function

- rectangle function

- recursively calculable function
- recursively continuous function - recursively convergent function - recursively defined function - recursively differentiable function - recursively divergent function - recursively extensible function
- reduced function

- regression function

- regret function

- regularized function

- regularly varying function

- regulated function

- relation reserving function
- relative distribution function - relative frequency function
- remuneration function

- renewal function

- renormalized function

- repeatedly differentiable function

- representable function

- representative function
- representing function - reproducing kernel function - residual function - residue function
- resolutive function

- resolvent function

- restricted function

- restricting function

- retarded function

- retracting function

- ridge function

- Riemann zeta function

- right-continuous function

- right-invariant function

- roof function

- root-mean-square function

- rudimentary function

- ruin function

- ruled function

- saddle function

- saltus function

- sample distribution function

- sampling function

- sandwich function

- scalar analytical function
- scalarwise integrable function - scalarwise measurable function
- scedastic function

- scheme function

- schlicht function

- search function

- section of function

- sectionally continuous function
- sectionally smooth function
- selective function

- self-dual function

- self-indexing function

- self-reciprocal function

- semiarithmetical function

- semicoercive function

- semicontinuous function

- semicylindrical function

- semidefinite function

- semiintegrable function

- semiinvariant function

- semimodular function

- semimultiplicative function

- semiproductive function

- semispectral function

- semisymmetric function

- sentential function

- separably valued function

- separately continuous function

- separation function

- sequence function

- sequential function

- sequentially continuous function

- set-preserving function

- set-valued function

- shape function

- sharp function

- shifted function

- sifting function

- sigma function

- signaling function

- simple function

- simply measurable function
- simply periodic function
- single-humped function

- singly periodic function
- singly recursive function
- singular function

- singularity function

- sinusoidal function

- skew-symmetric function

- slowly decreasing function
- slowly increasing function - slowly oscillating function - slowly varying function - smoothly varying function - solid spherical harmonic function - solid zonal harmonic function
- source function

- sourcewise representable function

- space-dependent function

- space-time function

- spannable function

- spheroidal function

- spinor-valued function

- spline function

- square-integrable function

- square-sine function

- square-summable function

- stability function

- stable function

- starlike function

- star-shaped function

- stationary random function

- statistical function

- status function

- steadily decreasing function
- steadily increasing function
- stiff function

- stochastic function

- stochastic transition function
- stopped random function
- straight-line function

- stream function

- streamline function

- strength function

- stretch function

- strictly concave function
- strictly convex function - strictly decreasing function - strictly increasing function - strictly integrable function - strictly monotone function
- stroke function

- strongly continuous function
- strongly differentiable function - strongly holomorphic function - strongly integrable function - strongly measurable function - strongly plurisubharmonic function
- structure function

- subadditive function

- subdifferentiable function

- subintegral function

- subinvariant function

- submultiplicative function

- suboperative function

- suboptimized function

- subordinated function

- subparabolic function

- subregular function

- success function

- sufficiently differentiable function

- sum function

- summatory function

- superadditive function

- supercaloric function

- supercontinuous function

- supermedian function

- supermultiplicative function

- superparabolic function

- superregular function

- surface function

- surjective function

- switching function

- symbolic function

- symmetrizable function

- symmetrized function

- tabulated function

- tame function

- tangential function

- target function

- temperate function

- temperature function

- tempered function

- tensor function

- ternary function

- tesseral function

- tetrachoric function

- tetragamma function

- time-limited function

- time-varying function

- tissue function

- toroidal function

- torus function

- total function

- total recursive function
- totally additive function - totally continuous function - totally measurable function - totally multiplicative function - totally positive function
- totient function

- tower function

- trace function

- transferable function

- transfinite function

- transformation function

- transition probability function

- translation function

- translation invariant function

- transmission function

- trapezoidal function

- trend function

- trial function

- triangle function
- triangular function
- tribeta function

- trigamma function

- trilinear function

- true function

- truncated function

- truncation function

- twice differentiable function

- twistor function

- two-parameter function

- two-place function

- two-point function

- two-sided function

- typically real function

- ultradifferentiable function

- ultraspherical function

- unbounded function

- uncertainty function

- uncomputable function

- unconditionally summable function

- unconstrained function

- undecomposable function

- undefined function

- uneven function

- uniform function

- uniformizing function

- uniformly approximable function
- uniformly best decision function - uniformly bounded function - uniformly definable function - uniformly differentiable function - uniformly homotopic function - uniformly integrable function - uniformly limited function - uniformly measurable function - uniformly smooth function
- unimodular function

- uniquely nomographic function

- unisolvent function

- unit function

- unit impulse function
- unit step function - unitary divisor function
- univalent function

- univariate function

- universally measurable function

- unknown function

- unramified function

- upper closed function
- upper measurable function - upper semicontinuous function
- valuation function

- vector-valued function

- vertex function

- voting function

- weakly additive function
- weakly analytic function - weakly continuous function - weakly differentiable function - weakly holomorphic function - weakly measurable function - weakly singular function - weighted random function
- well-behaved function

- well-integrable function

- window function

- wrapping function

- wurzelfrei function

- zero function

- zonal spherical function

English-Russian scientific dictionary > function
6 mode

1) вид; тип; характер

2) мода, вид [форма, тип\] колебаний; вид [тип\] волн

3) способ; метод; принцип

4) режим ( работы)

5) вчт. состояние

6) швейн. мода

•

-
ablative pit-forming mode
-
abnormal mode
-
acceleration mode
-
access mode
-
accumulation mode
-
acoustic mode
-
acquisition mode
-
active mode
-
adaptive control mode
-
addressing mode
-
air-liquefaction mode
-
alternate mode
-
anticipation mode
-
approach mode
-
assemble mode
-
astable vibration mode
-
astable mode
-
automatic mode
-
automatic opening mode
-
automatic skinning mode
-
autopilot heading mode
-
autoposition mode
-
avalanche mode
-
axial mode
-
background mode
-
backward mode
-
backward propagating mode
-
backward scattering mode
-
backward scatter mode
-
backward traveling mode
-
bare resonator mode
-
basic mode
-
batch mode
-
birefringent mode
-
block mode
-
block-multiplex mode
-
bound modes
-
broadcast mode
-
buckling mode
-
burst mode
-
calibration mode
-
capture mode
-
cavity flipping mode
-
cavity mode
-
central mode
-
character generation mode
-
character mode
-
characteristic mode
-
charge-coupling mode
-
circularly polarized mode
-
cladding mode
-
clockwise polarized mode
-
coherently locked modes
-
cold mode
-
collective modes
-
command mode
-
common failure mode
-
common mode
-
compatibility mode
-
competing modes
-
compute mode
-
confined mode
-
constant cutting speed mode
-
constant speed mode
-
contention mode
-
continuous mode
-
continuous path mode
-
continuous-wave mode
-
contour modes
-
contradirectional modes
-
control mode
-
conversational mode
-
cooling mode
-
co-orbital mode
-
coplanar mode
-
core-guided mode
-
core mode
-
counterclockwise polarized mode
-
counterrotating circularly polarized modes
-
counting mode
-
coupled modes
-
cross polarized modes
-
cubic mode
-
current mode
-
current saving mode
-
cutoff mode
-
cutting mode
-
damped mode
-
data-processing mode
-
Debye-like mode
-
Debye mode
-
deceleration mode
-
deflected mode
-
degenerated mode
-
degenerate mode
-
depletion mode
-
design mode
-
dialog mode
-
difference mode
-
differential mode
-
diffraction-limited mode
-
diffusive mode
-
discrete mode
-
dispersion modes
-
display mode
-
distributed-feedback mode
-
DNC mode
-
dominant mode
-
double-pass mode
-
drift mode
-
dual-processing mode
-
duplex mode
-
dynamic mode
-
dynamic-scattering mode
-
E mode
-
edge mode
-
edit mode
-
eigen mode
-
electromagnetic mode
-
elementary mode
-
Emn mode
-
emulation mode
-
energy dissipating mode
-
enhancement mode
-
equal-loss modes
-
equally spaced modes
-
erase mode
-
evanescent mode
-
even mode
-
excited mode
-
exciting mode
-
executive mode
-
extensional mode
-
extraordinary mode
-
Fabry-Perot mode
-
face shear modes
-
fast mode
-
faulted mode
-
fiber mode
-
filamentary mode
-
first mode
-
flexural mode
-
forced mode
-
force mode
-
foreground mode
-
foreground-background mode
-
forward mode
-
forward propagating mode
-
forward scattering mode
-
forward scatter mode
-
forward shear mode
-
forward traveling mode
-
fracture mode
-
free-running mode
-
free-space mode
-
frequency-division multiplex mode
-
frequency-shift-keying mode
-
full program mode
-
full-duplex mode
-
fundamental mode
-
gated mode
-
gate mode
-
Gaussian mode
-
generator mode
-
go-ahead mode
-
graphics mode
-
graphic mode
-
guidance mode
-
guided-wave mode
-
guided mode
-
half-duplex mode
-
heating mode
-
height-lock mode
-
higher-order mode
-
high-frequency mode
-
high-loss mode
-
high-pass mode
-
high-resolution mode
-
Hmn mode
-
horizontally polarized mode
-
idler mode
-
independent mode
-
index mode
-
injected mode
-
injection-locked mode
-
in-phase modes
-
in-plane mode
-
insert mode
-
integer mode
-
interacting modes
-
interactive mode
-
internally trapped mode
-
interpretive mode
-
interrupt mode
-
inverter mode
-
isolated mode
-
jog mode
-
kernel mode
-
keyboard mode
-
laser mode
-
lasing mode
-
lattice mode
-
launched mode
-
leaking mode
-
leaky mode
-
left-hand polarized mode
-
left polarized mode
-
length extentional mode
-
length flexural mode
-
length modes
-
length-width flexural mode
-
light mode
-
linearly polarized mode
-
load mode
-
local mode
-
locate mode
-
lock mode
-
long coherence length mode
-
long wavelength mode
-
longitudinal mode
-
loopback mode
-
low-frequency mode
-
low-pass mode
-
low-resolution mode
-
lugdown mode
-
macro-by-macro mode
-
magnetron mode
-
main mode
-
malfunction mode
-
manual mode
-
manual skinning mode
-
mapping mode
-
maser mode
-
master mode
-
matched mode
-
measurement mode
-
message mode
-
mirror image mode
-
mixed mode
-
mode of behavior
-
mode of deformation
-
mode of excitation
-
mode of failure
-
mode of functioning
-
mode of propagation
-
mode of test
-
mode of transport
-
mode-locked mode
-
mode-match mode
-
monopulse mode
-
move mode
-
multiple-frame mode
-
multiplexed mode
-
multiplex mode
-
multitask mode
-
native mode
-
natural mode
-
nonaxial mode
-
noncounting mode
-
nondegenerate mode
-
nondegenerative mode
-
nonoscillating mode
-
nonpropagating mode
-
nonradiative mode
-
nonresonant mode
-
nonspiking mode
-
nontransparent mode
-
normal mode
-
odd mode
-
off mode
-
off-axis mode
-
off-design mode
-
off-line mode
-
off-normal mode
-
on-line mode
-
on-link mode
-
opening fracture mode
-
opening mode
-
operating mode
-
optical mode
-
ordinary mode
-
original mode
-
orthogonally polarized modes
-
oscillating mode
-
oscillation mode
-
oscillatory mode
-
out-of-plane mode
-
overtype mode
-
parallel mode
-
parametric mode
-
parasitic mode
-
partially suppressed mode
-
path following mode
-
path modifying mode
-
penetration mode
-
periodic mode
-
perturbed mode
-
photographing mode
-
photon-counting mode
-
pipelined mode
-
plane mode
-
plane polarized mode
-
plasma mode
-
plasma-guide mode
-
playback mode
-
point-to-point path mode
-
polarization mode
-
polarization-bistable mode
-
polarized mode
-
posttrigger mode
-
power-down mode
-
p-polarized mode
-
pretrigger mode
-
principal mode
-
priviledged mode
-
propagating mode
-
propagation mode
-
pulse counting mode
-
pulsed mode
-
pump mode
-
push-pull mode
-
Q-spoiled mode
-
Q-switched mode
-
quadrupole mode
-
quantum noise limited mode
-
radial mode
-
radially polarized mode
-
radiating mode
-
radiation mode
-
rail mode
-
ranging mode
-
ready mode
-
real-time mode
-
receive mode
-
record mode
-
rectifier mode
-
reflected mode
-
reflection mode
-
reflective mode
-
refracted mode
-
refrigeration mode
-
repetitive Q-switched mode
-
request mode
-
resonant mode
-
resonator mode
-
retropropulsion mode
-
return beam mode
-
reverse bias mode
-
reversible recording mode
-
right-hand polarized mode
-
right polarized mode
-
run mode
-
sample-and-hold mode
-
satellite mode
-
saturation mode
-
scanning mode
-
scan mode
-
scope mode
-
screen mode
-
search mode
-
selected mode
-
selector mode
-
self-ammoniation mode
-
self-heating mode
-
self-locked mode
-
self-Q-switched mode
-
self-refresh mode
-
self-reporting mode
-
self-trapping mode
-
serial mode
-
series mode
-
setup mode
-
severe wear mode
-
shear mode of crack initiation
-
shear mode
-
side mode
-
signal mode
-
simplex mode
-
simulation mode
-
single block mode
-
single mode
-
single Q-switched mode
-
single-channel mode
-
single-character mode
-
single-pulse mode
-
single-step mode
-
slave mode
-
slightly coupled modes
-
spatial mode
-
spectral mode
-
spiking mode
-
split-screen mode
-
s-polarized mode
-
spurious mode
-
spurious pulse mode
-
square mode
-
stable mode
-
standby mode
-
standing-wave mode
-
start-stop mode
-
static mode
-
stationary mode
-
steady state mode
-
stiffened mode
-
still-frame mode
-
storage mode
-
store-and-forward mode
-
stretching mode
-
stripped cladding modes
-
strong mode
-
strongly excited mode
-
substrate mode
-
superradiant mode
-
supervisor mode
-
switching mode
-
symmetric modes
-
synchronously pumped mode
-
tape auto mode
-
teaching mode
-
tearing mode
-
thickness-extensional modes
-
time compression mode
-
time mode
-
time-difference mode
-
time-shared mode
-
torsional modes
-
track-and-hold mode
-
tracking mode
-
transcribe mode
-
transfer mode
-
transformed mode
-
transient mode
-
transit mode
-
transit-time mode
-
transmission mode
-
transparent mode
-
transverse mode
-
TRAPATT mode
-
trapped mode
-
trapped plasma avalanche transit time mode
-
traveling-wave mode
-
triggering mode
-
trimming mode
-
truncated mode
-
tuning mode
-
tunneling mode
-
twist mode
-
two-level mode
-
unattended mode
-
uncoupled modes
-
undamped mode
-
unmanned mode
-
unperturbed mode
-
unstable mode
-
unstiffened mode
-
vertically polarized mode
-
vibration mode
-
vibration-free mode
-
virtual mode
-
voting mode
-
waiting mode
-
walk-off mode
-
warped mode
-
wave mode
-
wavefront watched modes
-
waveguide mode
-
wavy slip mode
-
wear mode
-
whispering modes
-
whistler mode
-
width modes
-
write mode
-
zero-order mode

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > mode
7 в

аварийная ситуация в полете
in-flight emergency
аварийное табло в кабине экипажа
cabin emergency light
аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
conditioned air emergency valve
автоматическая информация в районе аэродрома
automatic terminal information
автомат тяги в системе автопилота
autopilot auto throttle
аэровокзал в форме полумесяца
crescent-shaped terminal
аэродинамическая труба для испытаний на сваливание в штопор
spin wind tunnel
аэродинамическая труба для испытания моделей в натуральную величину
full-scale wind tunnel
балансировка в горизонтальном полете
horizontal trim
балансировка в полете
operational trim
безопасная дистанция в полете
in-flight safe distance
билет в одном направлении
one-way ticket
билет на полет в одном направлении
single ticket
боковой обзор в полете
sideway inflight view
в аварийной обстановке
in emergency
введение в вираж
banking
введение в действие пассажирских и грузовых тарифов
fares and rates enforcement
ввод в эксплуатацию
introduction into service
вводить воздушное судно в крен
roll in the aircraft
вводить в штопор
put into the spin
вводить в эксплуатацию
1. go into service
2. come into operation 3. place in service 4. enter service 5. introduce into service 6. put in service 7. put in operation вводить шестерни в зацепление
mesh gears
в воздухе
1. up
2. aloft вентилятор в кольцевом обтекателе
duct fan
вертолет в режиме висения
hovering helicopter
верхний обзор в полете
upward inflight view
ветер в верхних слоях атмосферы
1. upper wind
2. aloft wind ветер в направлении курса полета
tailwind
в заданном диапазоне
within the range
в западном направлении
westward
взлет в условиях плохой видимости
low visibility takeoff
в зоне влияния земли
in ground effect
в зоне действия луча
on the beam
видимость в полете
flight visibility
видимость в пределах допуска
marginal visibility
видимость у земли в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome ground visibility
визуальная оценка расстояния в полете
distance assessment
визуальный контакт в полете
flight visual contact
визуальный ориентир в полете
flight visual cue
в интересах безопасности
in interests of safety
висение в зоне влияния земли
hovering in the ground effect
вихрь в направлении линии полета
line vortex
в конце участка
at the end of segment
(полета) в конце хода
at the end of stroke
(поршня) в конце цикла
at the end of
в начале участка
at the start of segment
(полета) в начале цикла
at the start of cycle
в обратном направлении
backward
в ожидании разрешения
pending clearance
возвращаться в пункт вылета
fly back
воздух в пограничном слое
boundary-layer air
воздух в турбулентном состоянии
rough air
воздухозаборник в нижней части фюзеляжа
belly intake
воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome air picture
воздушное судно в зоне ожидания
holding aircraft
воздушное судно в полете
1. making way aircraft
2. aircraft on flight 3. in-flight aircraft воздушное судно, дозаправляемое в полете
receiver aircraft
воздушное судно, занесенное в реестр
aircraft on register
воздушное судно, находящееся в воздухе
airborne aircraft
воздушное судно, находящееся в эксплуатации владельца
owner-operated aircraft
воздушное судно, нуждающееся в помощи
aircraft requiring assistance
воздушное судно, прибывающее в конечный аэропорт
terminating aircraft
в подветренную сторону
alee
в поле зрения
in sight
в пределах
within the frame of
в процессе взлета
during takeoff
в процессе полета
1. while in flight
2. in flight в процессе руления
while taxiing
в рабочем состоянии
operational
в режиме
in mode
в режиме большого шага
in coarse pitch
в режиме готовности
in alert
в режиме малого шага
in fine pitch
в режиме самоориентирования
when castoring
время в рейсе
1. chock-to-chock time
2. ramp-to-ramp time 3. block-to-block hours 4. block-to-block time 5. ramp-to-ramp hours время налета в ночных условиях
night flying time
время налета в часах
hour's flying time
время фактического нахождения в воздухе
actual airborne time
в ряд
abreast
в случае задержки
in the case of delay
в случае происшествия
in the event of a mishap
в случая отказа
in the event of malfunction
в соответствии с техническими условиями
in conformity with the specifications
в состоянии бедствия
in distress
в состоянии готовности
when under way
в условиях обтекания
airflow conditions
в хвостовой части
1. abaft
2. aft вход в зону аэродрома
1. entry into the aerodrome zone
2. inward flight входить в глиссаду
gain the glide path
входить в зону глиссады
reach the glide path
входить в круг движения
enter the traffic circuit
входить в облачность
enter clouds
входить в разворот
1. roll into the turn
2. initiate the turn 3. enter the turn входить в условия
penetrate conditions
входить в штопор
enter the spin
входить в этап выравнивания
entry into the flare
вхожу в круг
on the upwind leg
в целях безопасности
for reasons of safety
выполнять полет в зоне ожидания
hold over the aids
выполнять полет в определенных условиях
fly under conditions
выполнять полет в режиме ожидания над аэродромом
hold over the beacon
выполнять установленный порядок действий в аварийной ситуации
execute an emergency procedure
выравнивание в линию горизонта
levelling-off
выравнивание при входе в створ ВПП
runway alignment
высота в зоне ожидания
holding altitude
высота в кабине
cabin pressure
высота плоскости ограничения препятствий в зоне взлета
takeoff surface level
высота полета в зоне ожидания
holding flight level
высотомер, показания которого выведены в ответчик
squawk altimeter
выход в равносигнальную зону
bracketing
в эксплуатации
in service
в эксплуатацию
in operation
гасить скорость в полете
decelerate in the flight
головокружение при полете в сплошной облачности
cloud vertigo
горизонт, видимый в полете
in-flight apparent horizon
господство в воздухе
air supremacy
граница высот повторного запуска в полете
inflight restart envelope
грубая ошибка в процессе полета
in flight blunder
груз, сброшенный в полете
jettisoned load in flight
давление в аэродинамической трубе
wind-tunnel pressure
давление в кабине
cabin pressure
давление в невозмущенном потоке
undisturbed pressure
давление в свободном потоке
free-stream pressure
давление в системе подачи топлива
fuel supply pressure
давление в системе стояночного тормоза
perking pressure
давление в скачке уплотнения
shock pressure
давление в спутной струе
wake pressure
давление в топливном баке
tank pressure
давление в тормозной системе
brake pressure
давление в точке отбора
tapping pressure
давление на входе в воздухозаборник
air intake pressure
дальность видимости в полете
flight visual range
дальность полета в невозмущенной атмосфере
still-air flight range
данные в узлах координатной сетки
grid-point data
данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
air data
двигатель, расположенный в крыле
in-wing mounted
двигатель, установленный в мотогондоле
naccele-mounted engine
двигатель, установленный в отдельной гондоле
podded engine
двигатель, установленный в фюзеляже
in-board engine
движение в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome traffic
движение в зоне аэропорта
airport traffic
действия в момент касания ВПП
touchdown operations
делать отметку в свидетельстве
endorse the license
делитель потока в заборном устройстве
inlet splitter
держать шарик в центре
keep the ball centered
дозаправка топливом в полете
air refuelling
дозаправлять топливом в полете
refuel in flight
допуск к работе в качестве пилота
act as a pilot authority
доставка пассажиров в аэропорт вылета
pickup service
единый тариф на полет в двух направлениях
two-way fare
завоевывать господство в воздухе
gain the air supremacy
задатчик высоты в кабине
cabin altitude selector
задержка в базовом аэропорту
terminal delay
зал таможенного досмотра в аэропорту
airport customs room
замер в полете
inflight measurement
заносить воздушное судно в реестр
enter the aircraft
запись вибрации в полете
inflight vibration recording
запись в формуляре
log book entry
запись переговоров в кабине экипажа
cockpit voice recording
запускать воздушное судно в производство
put the aircraft into production
запускать двигатель в полете
restart the engine in flight
запуск в воздухе
1. air starting
2. airstart запуск в полете
inflight starting
запуск в полете без включения стартера
inflight nonassisted starting
запуск в режиме авторотации
windmill starting
заход на посадку в режиме планирования
gliding approach
заход на посадку в условиях ограниченной видимости
low-visibility approach
зона движения в районе аэродрома
aerodrome traffic zone
изменение направления ветра в районе аэродрома
aerodrome wind shift
измерение шума в процессе летных испытаний
flight test noise measurement
иметь место в полете
be experienced in flight
имитация в полете
inflight simulation
имитация полета в натуральных условиях
full-scale flight
индекс опознавания в коде ответчика
squawk ident
индикатор обстановки в вертикальной плоскости
vertical-situation indicator
инструктаж при аварийной обстановке в полете
inflight emergency instruction
искусственные сооружения в районе аэродрома
aerodrome culture
испытание в аэродинамической трубе
wind-tunnel test
испытание в воздухе
air trial
испытание в гидроканале
towing basing test
испытание в двухмерном потоке
two-dimensional flow test
испытание вертолета в условиях снежного и пыльного вихрей
rotocraft snow and dust test
испытание воздушного судна в термобарокамере
aircraft environmental test
испытание в реальных условиях
direct test
испытание в режиме висения
hovering test
испытание в свободном полете
free-flight test
испытание двигателя в полете
inflight engine test
испытания в барокамере
altitude-chamber test
испытания по замеру нагрузки в полете
flight stress measurement tests
испытываемый в полете
under flight test
испытывать в полете
test in flight
исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
air conflict search
канал в ступице турбины
turbine bore
канал передачи данных в полете
flight data link
карта особых явлений погоды в верхних слоях атмосферы
high level significant weather chart
кнопка запуска двигателя в воздухе
flight restart button
кок винта в сборе
cone assy
компенсация за отказ в перевозке
denied boarding compensation
компоновка кресел в салоне первого класса
first-class seating
компоновка кресел в салоне смешанного класса
mixed-class seating
компоновка кресел в салоне туристического класса
economy-class seating
компоновка приборной доски в кабине экипажа
cockpit panel layout
контракт на обслуживание в аэропорту
airport handling contract
контроль в зоне
area watch
контур уровня шума в районе аэропорта
airport noise contour
концевой выключатель в системе воздушного судна
aircraft limit switch
кривая в полярной системе координат
polar curve
крутящий момент воздушного винта в режиме авторотации
propeller windmill torque
курс в зоне ожидания
holding course
летать в курсовом режиме
fly heading mode
летать в режиме бреющего полета
fly at a low level
летать в светлое время суток
fly by day
летать в строю
fly in formation
летать в темное время суток
fly at night
летать по приборам в процессе тренировок
fly under screen
лететь в северном направлении
fly northbound
летная подготовка в условиях, приближенных к реальным
line oriental flight training
линия руления воздушного судна в зоне стоянки
aircraft stand taxilane
люк в крыле
wing manhole
маневр в полете
inflight manoeuvre
маршрут перехода в эшелона на участок захода на посадку
feeder route
маршрут полета в направлении от вторичных радиосредств
track from secondary radio facility
меры безопасности в полете
flight safety precautions
метеоусловия в пределах допуска
marginal weather
механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
rough air mechanism
механизм открытия защелки в полете
mechanical flight release latch
мешать обзору в полете
obscure inflight view
набор высоты в крейсерском режиме
cruise climb
навигация в зоне подхода
approach navigation
нагрузка в полете
flight load
нагрузка в полете от поверхности управления
flight control load
надежность в полете
inflight reliability
направление в сторону подъема
up-slope direction
направление в сторону уклона
down-slope direction
направляющийся в
bound for
наработка в часах
1. running hours
2. endurance hours на участке маршрута в восточном направлении
on the eastbound leg
необходимые меры предосторожности в полете
flight reasonable precautions
неожиданное препятствие в полете
hidden flight hazard
неправильно оцененное расстояние в полете
misjudged flight distance
неправильно принятое в полете решение
improper in-flight decision
нижний обзор в полете
downward inflight view
носитель информации в виде металлической ленты
metal tape medium
носитель информации в виде пластиковой пленки
plastic tape medium
носитель информации в виде фольги
engraved foil medium
носитель информации в виде фотопленки
photographic paper medium
обзор в полете
inflight view
оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
night-flying equipment
обслуживание в процессе стоянки
standing operation
обслуживание пассажиров в городском аэровокзале
city-terminal coach service
обучение в процессе полетов
flying training
объем воздушных перевозка в тоннах груза
airlift tonnage
обязанности экипажа в аварийной обстановке
crew emergency duty
обязательно к выполнению в соответствии со статьей
be compulsory Article
ограничения, указанные в свидетельстве
license limitations
ожидание в процессе полета
hold en-route
опознавание в полете
aerial identification
опробование систем управления в кабине экипажа
cockpit drill
опыт работы в авиации
aeronautical experience
органы управления в кабине экипажа
flight compartment controls
осадки в виде крупных хлопьев снега
snow grains precipitation
осадки в виде ледяных крупинок
ice pellets precipitation
ослабление видимости в атмосфере
atmospheric attenuation
ослабление сигналов в атмосфере
atmospheric loss
ослаблять давление в пневматике
deflate the tire
осмотр в конце рабочего дня
daily inspection
особые меры в полете
in-flight extreme care
оставаться в горизонтальном положении
remain level
отводить воздух в атмосферу
discharge air overboard
отказ в перевозке
1. denial of carriage
2. denied boarding 3. bumping отработка действий на случай аварийной обстановки в аэропорту
aerodrome emergency exercise
отражатель в механизме реверса тяги
power reversal ejector
отсутствие ветра в районе
aerodrome calm
оценка пилотом ситуации в полете
pilot judgement
ошибка в настройке
alignment error
падение в перевернутом положении
tip-over fall
парить в воздухе
sail
перебои в зажигании
misfire
перебои в работе двигателя
1. rough engine operations
2. engine trouble переводить воздушное судно в горизонтальный полет
put the aircraft over
перевозка с оплатой в кредит
collect transportation
передача в пункте стыковки авиарейсов
interline transfer
передвижной диспетчерский пункт в районе ВПП
runway control van
передний обзор в полете
forward inflight view
переход в режим горизонтального полета
puchover
переходить в режим набора высоты
entry into climb
повторный запуск в полете
flight restart
подача топлива в систему воздушного судна
aircraft fuel supply
подниматься в воздух
ago aloft
пожар в отсеке шасси
wheel-well fire
поиск в условном квадрате
square search
полет в восточном направлении
eastbound flight
полет в зоне ожидания
1. holding
2. holding flight полет в направлении на станцию
flight inbound the station
полет в направлении от станции
flight outbound the station
полет в невозмущенной атмосфере
still-air flight
полет в нормальных метеоусловиях
normal weather operation
полет в обоих направлениях
back-to-back flight
полет в одном направлении
one-way flight
полет в пределах континента
coast-to-coast flight
полет в режиме висения
hover flight
полет в режиме ожидания
holding operation
полет в режиме ожидания на маршруте
holding en-route operation
полет в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
special event flight
полет в сложных метеоусловиях
bad-weather flight
полет в строю
formation flight
полет в условиях болтанки
1. bumpy-air flight
2. turbulent flight полет в условиях отсутствия видимости
nonvisual flight
полет в условиях плохой видимости
low-visibility flight
полет в установленной зоне
standoff flight
полет в установленном секторе
sector flight
полетное время, продолжительность полета в данный день
flying time today
полет по кругу в районе аэродрома
aerodrome traffic circuit operation
полет с дозаправкой топлива в воздухе
refuelling flight
полеты в районе открытого моря
off-shore operations
полеты в светлое время суток
daylight operations
полеты в темное время суток
night operations
положение амортизатора в обжатом состоянии
shock strut compressed position
положение в воздушном пространстве
air position
помпаж в воздухозаборнике
air intake surge
попадание в порыв ветра
gust penetration
попадание в турбулентность
turbulence penetration
порядок действий в аварийной обстановке
emergency procedure
порядок эксплуатации в зимних условиях
snow plan
посадка в режиме авторотации в выключенным двигателем
power-off autorotative landing
посадка в светлое время суток
day landing
посадка в сложных метеоусловиях
bad weather landing
посадка в темное время суток
night landing
потери в воздухозаборнике
intake losses
поток в промежуточных аэродромах
pick-up traffic
потолок в режиме висения
hovering ceiling
правила полета в аварийной обстановке
emergency flight procedures
представлять в закодированном виде
submit in code
предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
mid air collision control
препятствие в зоне захода на посадку
approach area hazard
препятствие в районе аэропорта
airport hazard
прибывать в зону аэродрома
arrive over the aerodrome
приведение в действие
actuation
приведение эшелонов в соответствие
correlation of levels
приводить в действие
actuate
приводить воздушное судно в состояние летной годности
return an aircraft to flyable status
приводить в рабочее состояние
prepare for service
приводить в состояние готовности
alert to
пригодный для полета только в светлое время суток
available for daylight operation
приспособление для захвата объектов в процессе полета
flight pick-up equipment
проверено в полете
flight checked
проверка в кабине экипажа
cockpit check
проверка в полете
flight check
проверка в процессе облета
flyby check
прогноз в графическом изображении
pictorial forecast
продолжительность в режиме висения
hovering endurance
продувать в аэродинамической трубе
test in the wind tunnel
производить посадку в самолет
emplane
происшествие в районе аэропорта
airport-related accident
прокладка в системе двигателя
engine gasket
прокладка маршрута в районе аэродрома
terminal routing
пропуск на вход в аэропорт
airport laissez-passer
просвет в облачности
cloud gap
пространственная ориентация в полете
inflight spatial orientation
пространственное положение в момент удара
attitude at impact
противобликовая защита в кабине
cabin glare protection
профиль волны в свободном поле
free-field signature
профиль местности в районе аэродрома
aerodrome ground profile
пружина распора в выпущенном положении
downlock bungee spring
(опоры шасси) пункт назначения, указанный в авиабилете
ticketed destination
пункт назначения, указанный в купоне авиабилета
coupon destination
работа в режиме запуска двигателя
engine start mode
работа только в режиме приема
receiving only
радиолокационный обзор в полете
inflight radar scanning
радиус действия радиолокатора в режиме поиска
radar search range
разворот в процессе планирования
gliding turn
разворот в режиме висения
hovering turn
разворот в сторону приближения
inbound turn
разворот в сторону удаления
outbound turn
размещать в воздушном судне
fill an aircraft with
разница в тарифах по классам
class differential
разрешение в процессе полета по маршруту
en-route clearance
разрешение на полет в зоне ожидания
holding clearance
расстояние в милях
mileage
расстояние в милях между указанными в билете пунктами
ticketed point mileage
расчетное время в пути
estimated time en-route
регистрация в зале ожидания
concourse check
регулятор давления в кабине
cabin pressure regulator
режим воздушного потока в заборнике воздуха
inlet airflow schedule
режим малого газа в заданных пределах
deadband idle
речевой регистратор переговоров в кабине экипажа
cockpit voice recorder
руководство по производству полетов в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome rules
рулежная дорожка в районе аэровокзала
terminal taxiway
сближение в полете
air miss
сваливание в штопор
spin stall
сдавать в багаж
park in the baggage
сдвиг ветра в зоне полета
flight wind shear
сигнал бедствия в коде ответчика
squawk mayday
сигнал входа в глиссаду
on-slope signal
сигнал действий в полете
flight urgency signal
сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
air alert warning
сигнал между воздушными судами в полете
air-to-air signal
сигнальные огни входа в створ ВПП
runway alignment indicator lights
система предупреждения конфликтных ситуаций в полете
conflict alert system
система распространения информации в определенные интервалы времени
fixed-time dissemination system
система регулирования температуры воздуха в кабине
cabin temperature control system
скольжение в направлении полета
forwardslip
скорость в условиях турбулентности
1. rough-air speed
2. rough airspeed скрытое препятствие в районе ВПП
runway hidden hazard
сложные метеоусловия в районе аэродрома
aerodrome adverse weather
служба управления движением в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome control service
служба управления движением в зоне аэропорта
airport traffic service
смесеобразование в карбюраторе
carburetion
с момента ввода в эксплуатацию
since placed in service
снежный заряд в зоне полета
inflight snow showers
снижение в режиме авторотации
autorotative descent
снижение в режиме планирования
gliding descent
снижение в режиме торможения
braked descent
снимать груз в контейнере
discharge the cargo
событие в результате непреднамеренных действий
unintentional occurrence
совершать посадку в направлении ветра
land downwind
согласованность в действиях
coherence
списание девиации в полете
airswinging
списание девиации компаса в полете
air compass swinging
списание радиодевиации в полете
airborne error measurement
способность выполнять посадку в сложных метеорологических условиях
all-weather landing capability
срок службы в часах налета
flying life
срываться в штопор
1. fall into the spin
2. fail into the spin ставить в определенное положение
pose
столкновение в воздухе
1. mid-air collision
2. aerial collision схема в зоне ожидания
holding pattern
схема входа в диспетчерскую зону
entry procedure
схема входа в зону ожидания
holding entry procedure
схема движения в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome traffic pattern
схема полета в зоне ожидания
holding procedure
схема полета по приборам в зоне ожидания
instrument holding procedure
счетчик пройденного километража в полете
air-mileage indicator
считывание показаний приборов в полете
flight instrument reading
тариф в местной валюте
local currency fare
тариф в одном направлении
directional rate
тариф для полета в одном направлении
single fare
тариф за перевозку грузов в специальном приспособлении для комплектования
unit load device rate
тариф на полет в ночное время суток
night fare
тариф на полет с возвратом в течение суток
day round trip fare
телесное повреждение в результате авиационного происшествия
accident serious injury
температура в данной точке
local temperature
температура воздуха в трубопроводе
duct air temperature
температура газов на входе в турбину
turbine entry temperature
температура на входе в турбину
turbine inlet temperature
траектория полета в зоне ожидания
holding path
трение в опорах
bearing friction
тренировка в барокамере
altitude chamber drill
турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
clear air turbulence
турбулентность в облаках
turbulence in clouds
турбулентность в спутном следе
wake turbulence
тяга в полете
flight thrust
угроза применения взрывчатого устройства в полете
inflight bomb threat
удельный расход топлива на кг тяги в час
thrust specific fuel consumption
удерживать контакты в замкнутом положении
hold contacts closed
удостоверяющая запись в свидетельстве
licence endorsement
указания по условиям эксплуатации в полете
inflight operational instructions
указатель входа в створ ВПП
runway alignment indicator
указатель высоты в кабине
cabin altitude indicator
указатель местоположения в полете
air position indicator
указатель перепада давления в кабине
cabin pressure indicator
указатель уровня в баке
tank level indicator
уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
air transport facilitation
упаковывать в контейнере
containerize
упаковывать груз в контейнере
containerize the cargo
управление в зоне
area control
управление в зоне аэродрома
aerodrome control
управление в зоне захода на посадку
approach control
уровень шума в населенном пункте
community noise level
уровень шумового фона в кабине экипажа
flight deck aural environment
уровень шумового фона в районе аэропорта
acoustic airport environment
уровень электролита в аккумуляторе
battery electrolyte level
усилие в системе управления
control force
условия в полете
in-flight conditions
условия в районе аэродрома
aerodrome environment
условия в районе ВПП
runway environment
условия нагружения в полете
flight loading conditions
условное обозначение в сообщении о ходе полета
flight report identification
условное обозначение события в полете
flight occurrence identification
устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
determine air in a system
установка в определенное положение
positioning
установка в положение для захода на посадку
approach setting
установленные обязанности в полете
prescribed flight duty
установленный в гондоле
nacelle-mounted
устойчивость в полете
inflight stability
устройство отображения информации в кабине экипажа
cockpit display
устройство разворота в нейтральное положение
self-centering device
уточнение плана полета по сведениям, полученным в полете
inflight operational planning
ухудшение в полете
flight deterioration
участие в расследовании
participation in the investigation
форма крыла в плане
wing planform
характеристика в зоне ожидания
holding performance
цифровая система наведения в полете
digital flight guidance system
чартерный рейс в связи с особыми обстоятельствами
special event charter
число оборотов в минуту
revolutions per minute
чрезвычайное обстоятельство в полете
flight emergency circumstance
шаг в режиме торможения
braking pitch
шасси, убирающееся в фюзеляж
inward retracting landing gear
шлиц в головке винта
screw head slot
эксплуатировать в заданных условиях
operate under the conditions
эксплуатировать в соответствии с техникой безопасности
operate safety
этапа полета в пределах одного государства
domestic flight stage
этап входа в глиссаду
glide capture phase
этап полета, указанный в полетном купоне
flight coupon stage
эшелонирование в зоне ожидание
holding stack

Русско-английский авиационный словарь > в

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full coherence

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